Effects of Colonization on the New World

The effects of colonization on the New World have been a controversial topic for some time. Many historians have debated for centuries about how good or bad colonization was and there are many different aspects that you must look at. Even after all this time the question still stands, unanswered, what is the impact of colonization on the New World. The first thing that the colonists did that had an impact on the New World was trading goods with the Indians. The natives were so unaccustomed to all the new items important and fickle that they would â€Å"give valuable things for trifles† just because they didn’t know.More importantly, however, was the introduction tools and weapons. All the natives were lacking and unaccustomed to every type of iron and weapon that the explorers had brought. This had a large impact on the new world because with the new implementation of these new tools the inhabitants could now work more efficiently and protect themselves better. Tools an d weapons were not the only important items that the explorers introduced to the natives that had a great impact. When explorers arrived at some parts of the new world they realized â€Å" they have no fruit trees nor do they know of such.†When colonists them implemented fruit trees and plants it created a new, more convenient, way of producing and gathering food. Furthermore, the natives of the new world were unfamiliar with fishing. The introduction of this concept also created an easier and much more reliable food source to help the Americas grow and become more advanced. Not everybody agrees that colonization was a positive thing for the New World. The Spaniards in particular caused major damage to the New World.â€Å"Among these gentle sheep†¦ the Spaniards entered†¦ like wolves, tigers, and lions which had been starving for many days† not only did they enter and kill people to establish dominance but over 500,000 were killed from being transported to Hi spaniola. All over the country native populations were wiped by new explorers. Not all of the colonists were hostile towards the natives either. Chief Powhatan even composes a speech requesting a friendship of sorts with the natives. He implores that the colonists â€Å"sleep comfortably, live quietly with my women and children.†This shows that the Indians believe the colonists to be people of reason and good deeds if he is wishing to have an alliance with them. He even goes on to say that he wishes to be friends and trade copper and hatchets together. The disease and transportation also didn’t cause a decline in population across the board either. â€Å"Some Indian groups are more populous today than in 1492. † And more importantly we must look at what Columbus and the explorers did as a whole; they created â€Å"the single most important event in the emergence of our modern sense that we are all together living on one planet.†In other, more understandab le terms, they brought everybody together as a whole. Lastly, there is a major misconception that must be put straight. People believe that Indians were poor and un-evolved across the whole border. This however is not the case. The city of Tenochtitlan is a great example of this. For one, the city was so advanced they had a ruler who everybody worshiped religiously. He is so highly regarded that when he is addressed people do not look him in the eyes as a sign of respect. Secondly, the city of Tenochtitlan was highly decorated with precious metals and stones.â€Å"Every object†¦imitated in gold, silver, precious stones, and feathers. † In conclusion, the New World had many positive impacts as a result of colonization for the Old World. The colonists brought many useful tools and weapons along with new crops for farming and food gathering strategies like fishing. Along with that colonists made some alliances with natives and by doing so brought the whole world closer and more connected as a whole. Of course there are negative impacts but at the conclusion of it all the ends do justify the means. Effects of Colonization on the New World The effects of colonization on the New World have been a controversial topic for some time. Many historians have debated for centuries about how good or bad colonization was and there are many different aspects that you must look at. Even after all this time the question still stands, unanswered, what is the impact of colonization on the New World. The first thing that the colonists did that had an impact on the New World was trading goods with the Indians. The natives were so unaccustomed to all the new items important and fickle that they would â€Å"give valuable things for trifles† just because they didn’t know.More importantly, however, was the introduction tools and weapons. All the natives were lacking and unaccustomed to every type of iron and weapon that the explorers had brought. This had a large impact on the new world because with the new implementation of these new tools the inhabitants could now work more efficiently and protect themselves better. Tools an d weapons were not the only important items that the explorers introduced to the natives that had a great impact. When explorers arrived at some parts of the new world they realized â€Å" they have no fruit trees nor do they know of such.†When colonists them implemented fruit trees and plants it created a new, more convenient, way of producing and gathering food. Furthermore, the natives of the new world were unfamiliar with fishing. The introduction of this concept also created an easier and much more reliable food source to help the Americas grow and become more advanced. Not everybody agrees that colonization was a positive thing for the New World. The Spaniards in particular caused major damage to the New World.â€Å"Among these gentle sheep†¦ the Spaniards entered†¦ like wolves, tigers, and lions which had been starving for many days† not only did they enter and kill people to establish dominance but over 500,000 were killed from being transported to Hi spaniola. All over the country native populations were wiped by new explorers. Not all of the colonists were hostile towards the natives either. Chief Powhatan even composes a speech requesting a friendship of sorts with the natives. He implores that the colonists â€Å"sleep comfortably, live quietly with my women and children.†This shows that the Indians believe the colonists to be people of reason and good deeds if he is wishing to have an alliance with them. He even goes on to say that he wishes to be friends and trade copper and hatchets together. The disease and transportation also didn’t cause a decline in population across the board either. â€Å"Some Indian groups are more populous today than in 1492. † And more importantly we must look at what Columbus and the explorers did as a whole; they created â€Å"the single most important event in the emergence of our modern sense that we are all together living on one planet.†In other, more understandab le terms, they brought everybody together as a whole. Lastly, there is a major misconception that must be put straight. People believe that Indians were poor and un-evolved across the whole border. This however is not the case. The city of Tenochtitlan is a great example of this. For one, the city was so advanced they had a ruler who everybody worshiped religiously. He is so highly regarded that when he is addressed people do not look him in the eyes as a sign of respect. Secondly, the city of Tenochtitlan was highly decorated with precious metals and stones.â€Å"Every object†¦imitated in gold, silver, precious stones, and feathers. † In conclusion, the New World had many positive impacts as a result of colonization for the Old World. The colonists brought many useful tools and weapons along with new crops for farming and food gathering strategies like fishing. Along with that colonists made some alliances with natives and by doing so brought the whole world closer and more connected as a whole. Of course there are negative impacts but at the conclusion of it all the ends do justify the means.

Does a plant grow bigger if watered with milk? Essay

The question being asked here would be â€Å"Does a plant grow bigger if watered with milk? Or water? † In my opinion the answer would be milk because milk contains vitamins and calcium that water does not have, but the answer is to be found out later during the project. Well, it is known that for a plant to survive it will definitely need air, soil, water, light, and space to grow, but maybe if we replaced water with milk, plants could grow bigger and quicker, you never know. To test my theory, every morning before school I will water two of my plants with water like I regularly do, and two of my plants with milk which will be something new and will hopefully help my plants grow big and strong. The milk will probably help make the plants stronger. We humans need to have nutrients which we get from the food we eat that helps our bodies grow and stay healthy. Of course, just like us, plants also need the nutrients to grow. Milk actually contains quite a few nutrients, which may or may not help the plant grow bigger. Milk could also act as the plants fertilizer which could improve the plants growth. Those are just some of the ways that milk would help a plant grow. Well to start off, milk does make our bones stronger, it sounds like it can also make a plant grow taller because of the calcium that it contains. So if milk helps us grow, why shouldn’t it help plants grow? I know that water is important to plants for many reasons, like moving the gases during photosynthesis and making glucose needed for the plants energy. However, plants can also grow when they are watered with other liquids. Watering plants with different liquids can give the plants not only the water they need for growing, but it also gives the plant other gases and nutrients water does not have that will support their growth. Milk has so many qualities that would help a plant grow. Milk helps protect the plant with things by changing the pH levels of leaves to avoid diseases to attack the plant. It can also control the pH level of the soil. The pH is what makes the plant work. Milk will make the vermin and bacteria in the soil grow better too. The milk contains some proteins that could be used by the plant as a source of nitrogen for the improvement of growth, calcium in the milk would help the plant to grow better. Milk has many different types of waters in it including sugars, carbohydrates, and lactose, some of which the plant can use to grow bigger. Some farmers use milk to make those really big orange pumpkins for carnival contests even bigger. Milk contains many, many, many nutrients some can help the plant grow, some may have no effect on the plants growth, and some might actually kill the plant. For example milk contains some protein that could be used by the plant as a source of nitrogen for helping it to grow and the milk can add nutrients to the soil. Since the milk has calcium, giving the plant some of this additional calcium from milk could possibly help improve the plants growth. The milks sugar, also known as the lactose, probably won’t be able to be used by the plant. It could actually cause a build-up in the soil which could damage the plant leading it to die. The nitrogen in milk is full of protein, but the bacteria and the fungi in the soil will break this down and some of the nitrogen will be released as nitrate or ammonia. These ions that contain the nitrogen can then be taken into the plant roots for growth. Milk also has vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin D, zinc, and many other elements some of which will not make any difference in the plants growth. It is known that milk will definitely help tomato plants with their growth, as well as some other garden vegetables, a perennial (which is a plant that lives for more than two years like apples, apricots, bananas etc. ) and even houseplants. Milk contains water, carbohydrates and lactose. Since plants need water for them to grow, the water inside milk can also help it grow. I don’t know if you’ve heard of this, but milk can also be a fertilizer to help a plant grow. You probably do know that milk contains calcium. Calcium is actually a very important plant macronutrient. Macronutrients are the foods that help plants grow and work. Calcium helps a plant build its cell walls which have the job of transporting the other plants nutrients, protecting the cell membrane and the cell in general. Also the calcium level in the soil controls the soil pH, the pH is what makes the plant work or not work. If the calcium is taken out of the soil, the soil will become more acid and can change the plants growth. So when you give plants milk, you are practically giving them calcium, which we all know we need to grow. Milk has proteins, vitamin B and sugars that are good for plants, helping their health and crop growth. The germs that eat the fertilizer particles of milk are also helpful to the soil. Also, gardeners from back in the old days AND recent scientific plant research say that milk contains fungicidal properties. This means that if you spray milk on plants, it will control the growth of bad fungi. Plant researches in Brazil and in Australia have recently used milk as a fungicide on vegetable crops, grapes, and flowers. They said that spraying a small mix of 1 part of milk and 9 parts of water stopped the fungi from growing. Besides giving your plants a nutritional boost, milk can also help prevent or even stop some of the fungus problems that plants sometimes have. So, will a plant grow bigger when watered with milk? Or water? I continue to believe that the answer is that milk will make a plant grow bigger. Especially after all the information you just read, I think milk would definitely help a plant grow bigger and stronger. All of the milks nutrients will help the plant grow and give it more protein. The calcium in the milk can help the plant in many ways, it helps control the soil, and helps build its cell wall. Finally milk can be a fertilizer for the plants soil and can prevent fungi from forming in the plant. These are just some of the ways in which helps a plant grow. In the end I know that both water and milk will help the plants growth but both in their own ways.

Appraisal Questionnaire Essay

1. Introduction Explain the purpose and structure. The performance appraisal is an opportunity to discuss on performance related issues, give clear feedback and reach a mutual agreement on objectives and what can be improved, finalising with a plan for further development. †¢ How do you think your performance was over the past six months – from December to May so I can a feedback from you and then have a discussion on that. †¢ What has gone well and what do you think was success for the period? 2. Measure on performance. 2.1. Areas of responsibilities/ Company business goals. †¢ Do you understand the targets and how to achieve them and how they comply with the company business goals: 2.2. Confirm what successful issues were. †¢ Will you summarise what do you mark as your personal success in regard of your responsibilities? 2.3 Areas that need improvement/ Behind target †¢ Which are according to you the areas of performance that need improvement? †¢ What factors have an impact on your performance? †¢ Do you think you may need any assistance and further couching? †¢ Are you ready to meet new challenges? 2.4.Offer support †¢ Is there anything you would like us to do in order to support you? †¢ Do you think regular reviews (one to ones) will be beneficial to your work? †¢ Can we offer you counselling or some other support? 3. Job satisfaction †¢ What gives you most satisfaction in work? †¢ Are there any ways we can improve your job satisfaction? (environment improvement, technical assistance, providing opportunity to develop in a specific area†¦) †¢ Are there any new areas you feel you want to improve? 4. Agree on an action plan – Meeting to discuss on specific trainings – Counselling from line manager – Monthly reviews/one to ones to discuss results, difficulties, needs for further counselling. – New objectives 5. Positive finish. We’d like to encourage your personal performance and I will advise for a further personal development in a new direction. Analysing your strengths and implementing the agreed plan for improvement I believe you will achieve the targets placed. You can rely on my assistance and advice. I will make sure you will have a copy of the documents and all the points we agreed on and the action plan for further development.

How can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost Dissertation

How can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost airline market - Dissertation Example Ryanair caters to the European passengers through the organisation of a large number of flight programs maintained along several routes. Current estimates show that the airlines company operates along 1100 separate flying routes connecting various European and African regions. The company specialises in the rendering of services at highly economical rates which helps in gaining attention of a large number of consumers. Further the company through the cooperation of the European airports aims at rendering additional services to the customers countering checking of baggage, rendering food and beverages to the passengers on board and other such things at concessional rates. This creates an economic advantage to the company and also helps the customers to gain a lot services at low costs. Ryanair in order to compete in the international markets counters huge investments in the paradigm of training the staffs and also in rendering large amount of checks on the quality of services rendered . The company endeavours to counter weekly checks on the operational parameters of the flight carriers and also caters to render effective training to the staffs to reduce the chances of flight accidents. Ryanair also enhances the service paradigm by focusing on the creation and enhancement of the web sphere. The company encourages large number of people to counter booking through the online sphere which enhances the brand loyalty of the concern. Ryanair’s effective marketing program helped the company to rightly analyse the needs of the European customers in chalking out effective and cost reduced services. The company also during 2004 strategized to launch a huge promotional program which rendered large number of seats to the passengers at highly reduced fares. Further the company also takes resort of large number of innovations both in the service and product category to fulfil its responsibilities towards the society and in helping the customers get the feel of productive services. The government of Europe is also pleased with the operational standards of Ryanair in that it has introduced models which are environment friendly and also in helping other sick companies to revive out of their fallen condition. Ryanair through the acquiring of large number of small and medium airline companies helped in gaining access to newer market areas. The opening up of the European economy through the liberalisation and privatisation policies helped the airlines company gain control over the European airlines industry. (Ryanair, pp.1-4). The present paper divulges to understand the strategic dimensions taken by the company to gain sustainable dominance in the European Airlines market. Low Cost Airlines Market in UK Airline industry has always been a large and significant industry with a considerable growth rate. The industry is dynamic in nature considering the fact that its trends change in accordance to the economic condition of Europe. The profitability of the a irlines is strongly tied to the

Empowering Other's Actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowering Other's Actions - Essay Example This is done through various ways. First, it is important for leaders to clearly define and communicate the duties of every team member. Each individual play their part and the end result is seen as a contribution of the group members (Kayser, 2010). Secondly, there should be effective communication among the team members themselves and between the leaders. Thirdly, all issues should be addressed timely and directly. Finally, team members should take part in team building activities to create a good working relationship and bonding. I have been involved in several situations where I had to strengthen my team members through self-determination and promoting competence among the team members. Last semester, we were assigned a group assignment and I was appointed as the group leader. Our topic was involving and required a lot of research therefore; there was immense pressure on us to complete the task on time. It was two days to the deadline of submission, we were not yet with analyzing the data we had collected and this meant that our group could not submit the assignment on time. However, I was determined to complete the on time and we worked tirelessly with other members of the team to complete the assignment. I did all that I could to encourage the other members to put their best foot forward. We did not sleep for the two days to submission. This was stressful and we were discouraged since other groups had successfully completed their tasks. I felt like a failure as I had failed to lead the team in the right d irection towards achieving the primary goal that was to hand in the assignment on time. We all got a penalty of five points in the final grade. There are several reasons that can be this failure. First, we failed to manage our time well and failed to take into account that we had chosen a difficult assignment. Secondly, we paid too much attention on team building activities and less on actual completion of the task.

How Does McDonald Promotions and advertising affect their sales Coursework

How Does McDonald Promotions and advertising affect their sales - Coursework Example Research context A clear definition and formulation of research context is necessary as it helps in organising research efforts and ensures optimum utilisation of research process. In other words, research context lays down physical setting and environment in which research study will be undertaken. At many instances, research context is also termed and understood in terms of ‘experimental conditions’ or ‘study environment’. The underlying research study will be located and conducted in the context of national business. It is due to reason that McDonald’s is a national business as compared to regional or local business firm. In addition, underlying research study will pursue and operate in a hypothetical study environment or research context. The hypothetical study environment will be utilised to assess, determine, and prove whether advertisement and promotions affect the sales of McDonald’s or not. The assessment of the impact will help in ide ntifying whether formulated hypothesis is profound and acceptable in the present business setting or it is no longer valid and profound in today’s business world (Simchi-levi & Kaminsky 2003). ... The research study will throw light on the role that marketing and its tool can play in enhancing business position and sales potentialities (Mckenzie-Mohr 2000). The significance of research study is evident from both academic and commercial perspective. From academic perspective, the underlying research will facilitate the path of understanding implications and role of marketing. On the other hand, business firms will gain deep insight, understanding and encouragement for implementing marketing in their business philosophies with the help of present research study. Literature review Literature review makes use of secondary sources like books, magazines, journals, research papers and many more to search, gather, test, and evaluate crucial findings and results. This practice of investigating and exploring topic helps in solving research problem and outlining new findings and results. Marketing mix Ruddick (2012) throws light on the marketing mix in order to ascertain impact of promot ion and advertising on McDonald’s sales. The author explains that marketing mix contain four elements viz., product, price, place and promotion. All the components of marketing mix are strive towards improving market positioning and profitability of company. Among the four components, promotion play more significant role as it create direct impact on the customers attitudes and perception. It has been identified that companies paying more attention towards sales promotion and advertising are more likely to emerge as a favourite brand and purchase choice among customers. In this regard, sales promotion and advertising are the most commonly used promotional tools. McDonald’s makes frequent and regular use of these promotional tools in order to gain favourable

The American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

The American Revolution - Essay Example The call for the formation of a legitimate government was a central pledge among the ideas advocated for by the colonists. The colonists opposed the monarchial power of the British colonizers to appoint political representatives. The colonists demanded for their rights to appoint political representatives. The notable degradation of human rights by the British, especially in the south, inspired the revolution movements. Contrary to the British, the colonists wanted an end to slavery. The call for consideration of women rights was vital in inspiring the colonists to push for the revolution movement. As opposed to the British government, the colonists wanted equality granted to the female gender’s legal rights. The revolution movement had its basis on the need to instill religious freedom. The colonists wanted an independent religious institution from the control of the state, as well. These ideas that inspired revolution movement erupted from intellectual theories held by revolutionists. Scientific empiricism also contributed highly in escalating the revolution movement. The colonists successfully defeated powers of their aristocratic colonizers, courtesy of the inspiration from the ideas that they had. The formation of the states after independence had its basis on these diverse ideas including the beliefs of the Americans and the principles that initiated the desire for freedom. The formation of the constitution was the most influential part of in the enactment of the ideas of the independent people that they pledged for during the revolution movement (Bailyn

Impact of the Great War on Modern Western Literature Essay

Impact of the Great War on Modern Western Literature - Essay Example Self-awareness and politics became a more popular theme in literature. In Christine Stansell's American Moderns, she accounts how "it gained momentum with a call to arms that echoed earlier campaigns for literary realism waged by Howell and Twain" during the 1910s (148). Personally, I am instantly inspired to write whenever I experience unfortunate instances in life. I don't know but perhaps it is the sad occurrence and the lesson learned from it that drives a writer to start scribbling on a piece of paper or pounding on the computer keyboard. In most cases, literary works reflect the writer's mood at the moment he wrote the piece. During the First World War, stories of starvation abound on the streets. Children in less developed countries die of hunger because the leaders who are supposed to take care of their welfare have joined the Great War. Families of soldiers feel more fear and longing as the war progresses. These terrifying experiences and the idealism gained from the Great War have inspired many writers, veteran and amateur alike. Even the soldiers who survived the war wrote their own memoir to enable the public to, at least, take a glimpse inside the army camp or at the battlefield. Thus, answering the call for realism in literature - the kind of literary piece that discriminating readers like to read as they also long for information. Stansell further puts it that "serious American readers who came of age just as modernist prose was exploding in Europe formed their notions of new literature not from stylistic and narrative innovation but from a realist tradition that dwelt on contraband subject matter" (161). In turn, the "American writers saw their task as telling the truth of modern life, an act that, in their minds, amounted to revolutionary realism" (Stansell 161). Apart from this, people became more aware of their religiosity. To some, the Great War gave them the chilling sensation of what it would be like during the Judgment Day. T.S. Elliot's The Hollow Men, for instance, depicts the feeling of a dead man who has nowhere to go to: Is it like this In death's other kingdom Waking alone At the hour when we are Trembling with tenderness Lips that would kiss Form prayers to broken stone (Elliot). However, for me, this poem depicts the sense of emptiness in a person who fought a war that has claimed many lives and destroyed communities. Though Elliot did not go to the battlefield himself, somehow he has experienced the battle as he transferred to the United Kingdom on 1914 - the time when WWI is brewing. William Butler Yeats' The Second Coming has a religious or spiritual connotation as well: Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi (Yeats). However, Yeats actually refers to a new phase in every man's life, particularly a life after a revolution. Certain meaning to specific phrase in the poem is offered in the website http://www.stfrancis.edu/en/yeats!.htm. Indeed, the First World War or the Great War, although not well remembered as the Second World War, has made a considerable turning point in every man's life. The controversies and the lessons learned from the war made an important impact among the writers and the readers craving for a realist literature. This important change in Modern Western Literature is still used up to this time

Analytical Formal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analytical Formal Report - Essay Example The appropriate solution should be one that seems feasible, easy to implement, and should have long-term effects on the industry. After benchmarking the two possible solutions against the criteria previously mentioned, I recommend improving the dining experience by improving the customer service and general environment of the restaurants. This solution will attract more customers to the Chinese restaurants making the Chinese restaurant industry one of the most profitable hospitality industries of the United States. I hope you find this report helpful in regards to solving the problems of the Chinese restaurant industry of the United States. If you have any questions or comments regarding my recommendations, please feel free to contact me at email address or telephone number. Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to research this problem. Sincerely, Your name here PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE CHINESE RESTAURANTS AROUND STATE COLLEGE       Prepared for: General Managers      Ã‚   Prepared by: Please write your name The Pennsylvania State University          August 03, 2013 Executive Summary Chinese restaurants around the State College are experiencing a major drop in their sales due to increase in competition. The main problem is that customers are particularly not happy with their service standards and the environment of the Chinese restaurants. This is adversely affecting the level of sales of the restaurants that forces them to target only Chinese clientele, which is a very small target market for the restaurants. A few dimensions of the problem are given below Increasing competition Disgruntle customers due to lack of good customers service and environment Focus on only Chinese student market which is small The criteria for the best solution included solving the above mentioned problems in a cost effective manner, as well as within a plausible timeframe. Two solutions to the problem were proposed in the report. The first solution was to improve the dining experience and customer service in order to attract customers. This included changing the interior, as well as the environment of the restaurant. The second solution was to enhance marketing channels of the restaurants using social media and word of mouth marketing. This solution was aimed at improving customer perception regarding Chinese restaurants around the State College. The solution that best fits the criteria is to improve the environment because it involves bringing operational level changes that can create a difference. The solution is also both cost effective and plausible. Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Proposed Solutions to the Problem 7 Improve the Level of Customer Satisfaction 7 Enhancing Marketing Efforts 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 10 References 11 Appendix II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...13 Introduction The restaurant industry of the United States of America has become extremely competitive because of the entry of many new players. The diversity of customer market in the US restaurant industry is significant and this is why many types of restaurants are in business offering different types of cuisine. Chinese cuisine is also highly sought after in the

10 Most Beautiful Scientific Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

10 Most Beautiful Scientific Experiments - Essay Example The wave nature of light makes the light waves going through the 2 slits to interfere thereby producing bright and dark bands in the screen. Light is always absorbed at the screen at separate points as individual particles demonstrating the interference pattern by the use of particles of varying densities (The New York Times). This experiment can be performed in different versions including use of detectors at the slits where each detected photon passes through the slit but not through both slits thereby demonstrating the wave-particle duality principle. This experiment demonstrated that the light consists of waves. This could be seen by the way brightness is distributed, which can be explained by alternately subtractive and additive interference of wave-fronts. The experiment played a vital role in the acceptance of the wave theory of light. The oil drop experiment was used to measures the elementary charge of the electron. The gravitational force and buoyant forces were determined from the observed radii of oil drop. The experiment confirmed that the charge of oil droplets in mechanical equilibrium which is −1.5924 (17)Ãâ€"10−19 C, in the range of one percent of the presently accepted value of −1.602176487(40)Ãâ€"10−19 C (The New York Times). This was the charge of one

Rap and Hip-Hop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rap and Hip-Hop Culture - Essay Example The conclusion section summarizes the main ideas of the paper and further confirms that the rap/hip-hop culture tends to contain adolescent themes of autonomy and rebellion. Rap music has particularly been known to make provocative remarks towards women. Rap and hip-hop refers to a cultural movement and genre of music developed in the 1970s in New York. This was mainly among Latino Americans and African Americans. Hip-hop has four major elements namely break-dancing, graffiti writing, and rapping. Other elements are slang, hip-hop fashion and beat-boxing. Since its first emergence in the Bronx in the 1970s, rap/hip-hop culture has spread to many parts of the world. When hip-hop first emerged, its basis was around disc jockeys creating rhythmic beats through looping breaks on two turn tables, and was later followed by rapping. Then there arose particular dress styles and form of dancing among the new music followers. The emergence of rap and hip-hop music in the 1970s came with a lot of fear. This was because many parents and other stakeholders thought that this new rhythms and lyrics would negatively affect the listeners, most of whom were adolescents. This fear was carried on into the 21st century. Many critics of this genre of mu... This fear was carried on into the 21st century. Many critics of this genre of music are of the view that it promotes homicide, drug use, violence, suicide, deviant sexual activity, bigotry and aggression (Ballard and Dodson, 1999, pp 476). This is a significant topic since this issue has sparked a lot of debate among parent groups, censorship supporters, artists, record companies and even the United States federal government. The same issue also crops up in the medical arena, with the American Pediatrics Association expressing fear that rap and hip-hop lyrics threaten the well-being and health of adolescents. According to Mendelson (1989, pp 314-315), the greatest concerns include suicide, accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, drug use and pregnancy. Many physicians perceive the adolescent period as a very difficult period due to the rapid psychological and biological changes occurring during this period. Furthermore, the society expects these young people sound moral values through the way they perceive adult behaviors and standards. A number of physicians use their adolescent patients' music preferences to get a clue to their mental and emotional health. Music that contains explicit lyrics is capable of skewing and misrepresenting the world's realities. Rap and hip-hop music tends to represent adolescent themes of autonomy and rebellion. Rap music has particularly been known to make provocative remarks towards women. Hence the most popular music forms for adolescents must revolve around such themes as sexual imagery and disrespect (Brown and Hendee, 1989, pp 1659-1663). Moreover, many have questioned what effects music lyrics have on stereotyping, aggression, suicidal ideation and mood. According to a study conducted on the

Virtue and Epic Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Epic Essay Beowulf, the Anglo Saxon tale of a hero’s great courage, is an example of the epic form of literature. An epic is a long narrative poem that celebrates a hero’s deeds. Beowulf takes place on the European mainland, among two tribes which were the Danes and the Geats. The Geat warrior, Beowulf, crosses the sea to help the Danes and fights monsters, he later returns to Sweden to succeed his uncle Higlac as king of the Geats. Another reason Beowulf is an epic is because the story has a vast setting and includes a long, dangerous journey. Beowulf not only fights in land but he also fought dangerous sea creatures underwater. Throughout this epic, Beowulf makes a journey to find Grendel’s mother, he ends up fighting big, strong monsters underwater. Not only did he have to breathe underwater but he also had to fight. This journey was very dangerous because he had no help; he had to fight the sea creatures by himself. Beowulf should be considered an epic because it is a hero who performs supernatural feats and is in a high position in his society. There is a hero who performs supernatural feats, Beowulf breathes underwater for hours and hours, he has great strength. Beowulf has courage and bravery. He fights monsters twice his size and he ends up victorious. The hero is of noble birth or high position in his society. Beowulf’s uncle is Higlac and he is king of the Geats, therefore Beowulf is honored and respected by people in Herot. Beowulf was the strongest man in Herot that is another reason why he had a high position in his society. Beowulf also qualifies an epic because the hero’s character traits reflect important ideals of his society. An ideal of Anglo Saxon culture on the 900’s was spreading the word about the idea of adopting Christianity. This ideal was important during that time period because religion was barely spreading and they wanted Christianity to be a main aspect of life. Throughout Beowulf it makes the comparison between good and evil. Beowulf represents this ideal by him being ‘protected’ by God and his faith in God for everything. Also, throughout this epic there is an invisible battle between the good and the bad, the good being Beowulf and the bad being Grendel. Finally Beowulf is an epic because its plot involves timeless values. In present days there are still invisible battles between good and evil. We might not have sea creature or ferocious giants but we also have monsters. Some monsters in our world could be terrorists. Terrorism is something we consider a monster. Overall, in our world we consider everything that is evil a monster. In films, there is always a good side or bad side. Beowulf was a very good example of this because it involved timeless values. Beowulf, the tale of this extremely brave hero, full of courage is a great example of the epic form of literature. Beowulf fights giant monsters, breathes underwater, is undefeatable, and has God in his side. It is a great epic that has unbelievable adventures. It shows a lot of cultural values. Throughout all of its characteristics, Beowulf is defiantly an example of the epic form of literature.

Demand and Issues of Urban Infrastructure

Demand and Issues of Urban Infrastructure Case Study of The Financial Model For Water Supply Project 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale/Background According to the RICS recent survey only 4% of the people want to live in Urban Area. This shows the reverse in standard of living requirement which was dream of living in the urban area. What has gone wrong? We know that gypsies used to settle were they could find water. It can be said that water is such an important element for development of any place irrespective of urban or rural area. In India 30% of the total population live in Urban Area and contribute to 60% of the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product). 31% is the increase in the population in last decade compared to 18% in the rural area. So it is necessary to boost urban infrastructure by public as well as private intervention institution. Creativity is the service of the age that generate Ideas that become product and service. The downturn of the economies has advantage of new invention which is also true in case of maximization profit. With increase in the demographic of ages, climate, cultures and immigration it is difficult to take the risk of demand of the urban area. The risk of controlling the demand must be taken by government agency to encourage the private parties for excellence service in Infrastructure. 1.2 Research Aim and Objective 1.2.1 Aim To develop financial model for water supply projects using â€Å"JNNURM toolkit†. This can be used to analyze the relationship between performance and sustainability in PPP method of procurement. 1.2.2 Objective To study the preparation of Urban Infrastructure and Investment plan for the city. To evaluate the feasibility of water supply service in particular. Role of PPP in Urban Infrastructure. 1.2.3 Main Hypothesis Need for Urban Infrastructure and their implementation under governance of JNNURM scheme. To promote sustainable investment and innovative PPP method of procurement increase in the efficiency at municipality level by vigilance. Freedom should be given to private parties to make them comfortable. 1.3 Outline Methodology of Study We will first try to figure out what is the need of the curbing population of that particular city. The cities are in a desperate need of finance for carrying out the reviving projects. But the previous schemes and projects by the municipalities and state governments have failed miserably on the grounds of implementation (ie, time management) and utilization of funds. So there is a need to gather finance for the reviving project for the curbing infrastructure .The story does not end here, there is also a need to govern the utilization of fund. There is a new scheme which is growing popularity by the Government of India along with State government and the municipalities. The buzz word in this scheme is the governance of the project because there is a proper channel how to control the funds issued by the government. Also the government of India will regularly monitor the implementation of the project. Along with this there is a unique proposal of submitting the CDP (City Development Plan) for approval. So our approach would be to find a method of relating the increase in population and need of the same in coming 20 years as well as to arranging and managing finance considering all the factors like inflation, operation and maintenance cost. For this we would study CDPs of various cities and also study their approach in solving the future infrastructure problems. Also we would compare various CDPs and comment on their efficiency. Since we are talking of CDPs preparation and involvement of private parties we will try some case study and prepare the financial appraisal of the same. We would critically analyze whether the project is financially feasible under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) scheme 1.3.1 Literature review and the pilot study This literature review the following subject of India City Development plan Finance scheme for city development plan PPP procurement JNNURM Scheme Pilot Study consists of Theoretical approach. Study of a practical approach to prepare CPD for water supply project under guidelines of JNNURM scheme toolkit. 1.3.2 Main Study Case study:- Feasibility of water supply project under JNNURM scheme using Financial appraisal calculation and role of PPP in such project. The name of the city under case study has been changed due to sensibility of the case as it is live project. The name of the city will not effect on research subject of development of financial appraisal model because scenario is well detailed. The approach of this study by Quantitative and Analytical Comparison of CPD between different states: selected 4nos of states for comparison. The approach is Quantitative by reading the CPD’s of different states and comparing them. 1.3.3 Writing Up Chapter-1 :-Introduction Chapter-2:-City Development Plan Chapter-3:-Private Partner Chapter-4:- JNNURM Scheme Chapter-5:- Case Study Chapter-6:- Comparison of CPD between different states Chapter-7:-Conclusion 2 City Development Plan 2.1 Geographical Information 29 states and 6 union territories* Andaman and Nicobar Islands* Lakshadweep* Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Assam Manipur Bihar Meghalaya Chandigarh* Mizoram Chhattisgarh Nagaland Dadra and Nagar Haveli* Orissa Daman and Diu* Pondicherry* Delhi Punjab Goa Rajasthan Gujarat Sikkim Haryana Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Tripura Jammu and Kashmir Uttaranchal Jharkhand Uttar Pradesh Karnataka West Bengal Kerala * Union territory 2.2 Demography Table 1 India: Development Indicator â€Å"According to a United Nations study (1995), by the year 2015, ten of the worlds fifteen largest cities will be in Asia (excluding Japan); three of these will be in India. In 1950, this same region claimed only three of the worlds fifteen largest cities, whilst India claimed only one. These projections suggest that demographic growth in Indias large cities will be high, partly due to national population growth and partly due to immigration. The logistic model used by the United Nations, the World Bank, and other international agencies for the projection of urban population world-wide suggests that India is poised for rapid urbanisation, along with several other countries in south and East Asia. â€Å" SIZE: As per Census 2001, only 28% of the 1.1 billion Indians live in urban areas. Expected to increase to 40% by 2021. About 60% of the country’s GDP originates from urban areas. Allocation of US$12 billion by the Government of India under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) for a period of 7 years for improving urban infrastructure across 63 cities. Key metro cities Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad allocated 47.5% percent of these funds. STRUCTURE:JNNURM functions under the overall guidance of a National Steering Group (NSG) which comes under the purview of Ministry of Urban Development JNNURM is aimed at fast-track planned development of identified cities. Key highlights Integrated development of urban infrastructure projects Renewal and redevelopment of inner city areas Provision of basic services to urban poor Funds to be channelised through Urban Local Bodies who will be responsible for implementation Implementing agencies to leverage sanctioned funds to attract private sector investments through PPP contracts Outlook Investments of more than US$50 billion would be required in the next 5 years to improve and build urban infrastructure JNNURM is the single largest initiative of Government of India for planned development of cities Opportunity for private players to partner with Urban Local Bodies (ULB) in development of urban infrastructure such as Water supply and sanitation Slum redevelopment Urban transportation including roads, highways, expressways, Mass Rapid Transport Systems (MRTS) and metro projects Solid waste management POTENTIAL: A large component of development work will be through public-private partnership. Water supply and sanitation in urban areas to attract investments over US$30 billion. POLICY 100% FDI under the automatic route permitted for townships, housing, built-up infrastructure and construction-development based projects subject to minimum scale norms JNNURM will provide grants/viability gap funding for projects 2.3 Problems â€Å"Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) of India are the constitutionally provided administrative units that provide basic infrastructure and services in cities and towns. According to Census of India 1991, there are 3255 ULBs in the country classified into four major categories: Nagar Nigams Nagar Palikaa Nagar Panchayats Large urban areas are governed by Nagar Nigams, often simply called corporations. The area under a corporation is further divided up into wards. Individual wards or collections of wards within a corporation sometimes have their own administrative body known as ward committees. Smaller urban areas are governed by Nagar Palika, which are often referred to simply as municipalities. Municipalities are also divided into wards, which may be grouped together into ward councils. One or more representatives are elected to represent each ward.† â€Å"What is worse, many ULBs have accumulated ‘large’ debts and face serious problems in servicing them. Besides the restriction to a small resource base poor planning process, lack of periodical revision of municipal tax rates / user charges, and poor information system and records management are some of the basic weaknesses in the present municipal administration.† The â€Å"Infrastructure Problem  : In spite of its prominent role in Indian economy, urban India faces serious problems due to population pressure, deterioration in the physical environment and quality of life. According to estimates nearly one third of the urban India lives below poverty line. About 15 percent of the urbanites do not have access to safe drinking water and about 50 percent are not covered by sanitary facilities. There is a huge and widening gap between demand and supply of essential services and infrastructure. â€Å" 2.4 Schemes for development of urban development The ongoing schemes of Urban Infrastructure Development in the mega cities, and Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) do not meet the requirement of infrastructure development of all cities/towns in the country. There is, therefore, need to have a comprehensive scheme for infrastructure development of all cities/towns in the country. Other scheme like Urban Reforms Incentive Fund (URIF) also needs to be subsumed in the said comprehensive scheme. Funding is linked to reforms which are classified into â€Å"mandatory† and â€Å"optional† as detailed below: Mandatory Reforms—State level: Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act Reform of Rent Control Laws so as to stimulate private investment in rental housing schemes. Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more than 5 per cent within the next five years. Introduction of independent regulators for urban services. Mandatory Reforms –Core (at ULBs level): Double entry system of accounting for Urban Local Bodies Adoption of public disclosure law – disclosure of medium-term fiscal plan and quarterly performance reports. Passage of community participation law. All special agencies currently involved in delivering urban civic services to be brought under the supervision of ULBs, thus creating a uniform accountability platform. A Bangalore Action Task Force (BATF) kind of citizen’s technical advisory group should be constituted for each city to guide the process of urban reforms. Urban development authorities discharging city Planning functions and the new city development function should associate the ULBs more closely. Introduction of e-governance, Global Information System (GIS) and Monitoring Information System ( MIS) Reform of Property Tax laws. Levy of reasonable user charges. Optional Reforms: Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process. Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs. Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects for the poor. Introduction of computerized process of registration of land and property Revision of bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory Bye-laws for reuse of reclaimed water Administrative reforms, i.e. right sizing of the ULBs. It is important to note that the contribution of urban sector to GDP is currently expected to be in the range of 60 percent. In this context, enhancing the productivity of urban areas is now central to the policy pronouncements of the Ministry of Urban Development. Cities hold tremendous potential as engines of economic and social development, creating jobs and generating wealth through economies of scale. They need to be sustained and augmented through the high urban productivity for countrys economic growth. National economic growth and poverty reduction efforts will be increasingly determined by the productivity of these cities and towns. For Indian cities to become growth oriented and productive, it is essential to achieve a world class urban system. This in turn depends on attaining efficiency and equity in the delivery and financing of urban infrastructure. Resource Gap: The India Infrastructure, Report, 1996, assessed the total annual investment needs of water supply, sanitation and roads sectors at Rs. 28,036 crores per year on an average during 1996-2006. Where as funds to that extent are not available. To overcome these constraints and challenges, the Ministry of Urban Development has initiated institutional, fiscal and financial reforms. First generation urban sector reform known as the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, recognizes the principles of local self governments and empowers urban local bodies with financial resources through Central Finance Commission and State Finance Commissions. Subsequently, in order to strengthen these local bodies, second generation reform have also been started. In the last decade, enormous progress has been made in removing impediments to efficient investment. Resource Mobilization Effort: In August, 1996, the Central Government guidelines entitled Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation were circulated to all State Governments for adoption. These guidelines, apart from other issues, suggest innovative approaches for fiscal resource mobilization. In the backdrop of the New Economic Policy, it was suggested that the traditional system of funding based on Plan and budgetary allocations be reduced and ultimately withdrawn due to fiscal deficit. Subsidies need to be rationalized and urban development plans and projects need to be placed on a commercial format by designing commercially viable urban infrastructure services and area development projects. This can be achieved by restoring a proper match between functions and source of revenue by giving additional tax measures. Other innovative resource mobilization measures include using land as resource, increase in the non-property taxes and using public private partnership in service delivery. 2.4.1 Second Generation Reforms Regulatory Framework: The participation of the private sector in financing and the delivery of infrastructure at the municipal level, especially in the water and sanitation sector, require a regulatory framework to protect consumers, apply environmental standards and support the delivery to the poor. As there are a variety of models of regulation from centralized to decentralized systems, guidelines will be developed at the National level to ensure consistency across the country. Appropriate training programme and capacity support to regulators will also be developed in partnership with the private sector and urban research institutions. Model legislation: The Central Government is in the process of preparing model legislation for facilitating private sector participation in urban infrastructure. This is necessary as the present legislative scenario does not encourage private sector participation in this field. A model Municipal Act which will be recommended to the State Governments would include modification and simplification of Municipal bylaws, provision for enhanced borrowing, allowing the entry of private sector and authorizing concessionaires to penalize users for non payment of tariffs. Municipal Accounting System: The Task Force constituted by the O/o CAG of India had recommended for introduction of accrual basis of accounting system for the urban local bodies (ULBs) and suggested model budgeting and accounting formats for that purpose. The Task Force Report was circulated to all States/UTs for adoption of accrual basis of accounting system as well as the budget and accounting formats. Further to provide a simplified tool kit to the ULBs for recording the accounting entries, Ministry of Urban Development in cooperation with the Office of CAG of India has prepared a National Municipal Accounting Manual (NMAM) and circulated to all States/UTs in January, 2005. The Manual comprehensively details the accounting policies, procedures, guidelines designed to ensure correct, complete and timely recording of municipal transactions and produce accurate and relevant financial reports. The NMAM would help the States prepare their state-level accounting manuals in accordance with their own requirements for use by the ULBs. This initiative is expected not only to enhance the capacities of ULBs in municipal accounting leading to increased transparency and accountability of utilization of public funds for the development of urban sector but also will help in creating an environment in which urban local bodies can play their role more effectively and ensure better service delivery. Public private partnership guidelines: Central Government will develop guidelines for involvement of the private sector in infrastructure, which will ensure competitive biding process in a transparent manner. These guidelines will not only protect the consumers but also ensure integrity of the process. This would support municipalities in designing the PPP process on the lines of the BOT Centre in Philippines or the PPP in the Ministry of Finance in South Africa. Chapter4 included the issues related to PPP. 2.4.2 Fiscal incentives Foreign direct investment (FDI): Hitherto Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) allowed direct investment in providing urban services on a case to case basis. This scenario has changed with the decision of the Central Government removing restrictions on FDI in urban infrastructure facilities which are now open both under FIPB and the automatic route as per sector specific guidelines. Guidelines have since even issued for FDI in development of integrating township including housing and building material. External assistance: Since independence, externally assisted urban sector projects have accounted for US$ 2300 million. A review of these projects indicated a need to adopt a programme approach rather than a project approach for availing external assistance. It also indicated the need to encourage a multiple donor scenario and tapping low cost funds for urban infrastructure. Tax free municipal bond: Municipal bonds were successfully issued by several Municipal Corporations like, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, Ludhiana, Nagpur, Nasik, and Madurai for raising resources for urban infrastructure. The Central Government had announced tax exemption in case of bonds issued by Municipal / Local Governments. Guidelines were issued by this Ministry on 8.2.2001 for regulating issue of tax free municipal bonds. Under the guidelines, such bonds will be issued for raising resources for capital investment in creation of new infrastructure as well as augmentation of existing systems. Tax free bonds worth Rs. 100 crore by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation have been permitted for improving infrastructure. Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has also been permitted to issue tax free municipal bonds for Rs. 82.5 crore. Pooled financing for municipal infrastructure: Traditionally, municipal corporations and urban local bodies have relied on subsidized funds for providing urban services which constraints the constraints the introduction of user charges and efficient project operation and maintenance. In view of the huge resource gap, direct access to capital market would now be an accepted viable option. However, access to capital market requires financial discipline and enhanced credit rating. It has been the experience that only bigger municipal corporations are in a position to take the advantage of the resources available in capital market. Medium and smaller municipalities are unable to do so due to weak financial position and lack of capacity to prepare viable project proposals. A State level pooled financing mechanism is being proposed for smaller and medium municipalities. The objective of a State level pooled finance mechanism is to provide a cost effective and efficient approach for smaller and medium sized ULBs to access the domestic capital markets for urban infrastructure and to introduce new institutional arrangements for mobilising Urban Infrastructure Finance. City Restructuring: Government of India is also encouraging citywide reforms and restructuring so as to ensure that cities are managed efficiently and become creditworthy (to attract private finance ) which will enable them to prepare long term plans for infrastructure investments and implement poverty alleviation programmes. Citywide reforms and restructuring will, however, result in significant transaction costs during the period of transition. Leaving cities to finance these costs by themselves will delay and make it difficult to implement these reforms. It is to partly offset this disadvantage that the Ministry of Urban Development is proposing to set up a performance based City Challenge Fund for catalyzing city level economic reform programmes. The resources from the Fund would be given as grants but should ideally be matched by equal allocations either from the cities themselves or from the respective State governments. Access to the fund would be on a competitive basis. Establishment of an urban academy: The proposed Urban Academy is visualized as a centre of excellence in Urban Matters such as urban water supply, sanitation, urban transport, urban governance, municipal finance, etc. It will be a n ideal town-planning habitat, wherein experts from India and abroad can experiment with new layouts, building materials, landscaping, heritage preservation etc., and it will have Synergic links with all other institutions specializing in urban matters. This will coordinate all Training and Capacity Building Initiatives and effort of change management forums. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the New Economic Policy launched in India in 1991-92, did see several important initiatives in the urban sector designed to encourage private sector participation in urban infrastructure projects. These initiatives would need to be taken to their logical conclusion. A series of new Reform Measures are being put together for implementation during 10th Plan Period. Through these, we hope to reverse the declining standards of urban infrastructure in the country. Public Private Partnership Procurement addresses how the industry organizes itself to deliver construction projects. Contracts define the rules governing the relationships between the many organizations involved in each project. Construction industry clients are faced with a perplexing array of skills and resources which must be combined effectively to develop a building (or other constructed facility) that will fulfill their needs. All but the simplest of buildings involve the management, design, assembly and commissioning of large amounts of raw materials using appropriately-skilled labor provided by multiple organizations over a long period of time. The flow of money between Organizations must be formally organized, as must the distribution of responsibility and risk among them. While the technical complexities of the design solution itself are addressed by the specialized skills of construction industry members, the interaction of these organizations must be structured by the selection of an appropriate procurement route and the effective administration (i.e. day to day running) of the associated form of construction contract. At the project outset, clients will usually seek advice on the selection of a procurement route to bring the required organizations together. Figure 1 Example of a cost and Time Overruns in Public Sector Projects. In response to these problems, two key joint industry and government reports were published to stimulate innovation in construction industry practice: the Latham Report in 1994 and the Egan Report in 1998. In the first report – â€Å"Constructing the Team† – Sir Michael Latham commented: â€Å"Implementation begins with clients. Clients are at the core of the Process and their needs must be met by industry† â€Å"Rethinking Construction† proposed five drivers for change in the construction industry: 1. Committed leadership 2. A focus on the customer 3. Integrated processes and teams 4. A quality driven agenda 5. Commitment to people In the public sector, HM Treasury launched the â€Å"Achieving Excellence in Construction† initiative in 1999 to improve the performance of Government in its client role by publishing â€Å"Achieving Excellence in Construction Procurement Guides† [11] which addresses the following issues: 1. Initiating action 2. Project organization 3. Project procurement lifecycle 4. Risk and value management 5. The integrated project team 6. Procurement and contract strategies 7. Whole-life costing 8. Improving performance 9. Design quality 10. Health and safety 11. Sustainability Public sector clients are generally concerned with certainty of budget and quality and, above all else, ensuring public accountability as they are spending public money. Clients who build regularly – perhaps continuously –can be considered experienced Construction projects can be structured in a variety of ways as â€Å"No single procurement route† is suited to all situations and so is required to link the Client’s business requirements before an appropriate project structure can be recommended. The Office of Government Commerce defines these terms as follows [1]: â€Å"Procurement strategy: The procurement strategy identifies the best way of achieving the objectives of the project and value for money, taking account of the risks and constraints, leading to decision about the funding mechanism and asset ownership for the project. The aim of a procurement strategy is to achieve the optimum balance of risk, control and funding for a particular project.† â€Å"Procurement route: The procurement route delivers the procurement strategy. It included the contract strategy that will best meet the Client’s needs. An integrated procurement route ensures that design, construction, operations and maintenance are considered as a whole; it also ensures that the delivery team work together as an integrated project team.† Figure 2 The relationship of procurement strategy to procurement route â€Å"A Public Private Partnership (PPP) is an umbrella term for arrangements agreed – often with legal force – between public and private sector organisations to their mutual benefit. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is one form of PPP developed by the Government in which the public and private sectors join to design, build or refurbish, finance and operate new or improved facilities and services to the general public. PFI schemes generally involve a consortium of private sector companies, who collaborate to form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) which then contracts with the public sector to provide services such as hospitals, schools and roads to specifications provided by public sector bodies.† 3.1 Procurement method issues Construction industry has complex analysis mere by dual component of land and building. It has fuzz boundaries. The fragmentation of the industry between contractor, consultant, project management etc creates the industry highly volatile. It can also be argued the reduction of professionalism if it is at only contractor. So it is expected to carry multitude of negative aspects of Investment which is derived from present consumption. In Economics term Investment is the process of trading present consumption for new capital. Present trading can be alternative to investment in other than the construction industry. Individual participant have significant approach to price and quantity. â€Å"This definition illustrates several key characteristics of PFI schemes: A service, rather than capital assets, is purchased. PFI schemes run for a long time. The public sector typically requires procures the provision of a service over a 25 to 35 year period. Buildings or other infrastructure is usually constructed by the private sector as a consequence of the need to provide the agreed service. The PFI agreement will define the level of service required (such as providing a maintained, lit, warm, clean and catered hospital, for example) and the private sector will finance the design and construction of new or adapted facilitates as necessary to accommodate that service. Because the public sector is purchasing a service, rather than assets, it will not own those assets unless the transfer of their ownership is agreed when setting up the scheme (see Section 6.6.5). Subject to any specification imposed by the public sector client, the private sector is free to use whatever means it considers appropriate when constructing the assets. This can lead to design quality and performance shortcomings (see Section 6.6.4). The private sector puts itself at risk when securing the finance required to construct any capital assets required by the scheme. In return, it will expect to be paid for managing this risk. This raises the overall cost of PFI schemes above that of non-PFI procurement where financing risks are minimal as they are borne by the public sector with funding traditionally provided and underwritten by the Treasury.† 3.2 Role of PPP in Infrastructures â€Å"In the projects from the Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private Finance Initative (PFI) programmes, the public sector contracts to purchase services – rather than any particular building – from the private sector in the long term. The delivery Demand and Issues of Urban Infrastructure Demand and Issues of Urban Infrastructure Case Study of The Financial Model For Water Supply Project 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale/Background According to the RICS recent survey only 4% of the people want to live in Urban Area. This shows the reverse in standard of living requirement which was dream of living in the urban area. What has gone wrong? We know that gypsies used to settle were they could find water. It can be said that water is such an important element for development of any place irrespective of urban or rural area. In India 30% of the total population live in Urban Area and contribute to 60% of the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product). 31% is the increase in the population in last decade compared to 18% in the rural area. So it is necessary to boost urban infrastructure by public as well as private intervention institution. Creativity is the service of the age that generate Ideas that become product and service. The downturn of the economies has advantage of new invention which is also true in case of maximization profit. With increase in the demographic of ages, climate, cultures and immigration it is difficult to take the risk of demand of the urban area. The risk of controlling the demand must be taken by government agency to encourage the private parties for excellence service in Infrastructure. 1.2 Research Aim and Objective 1.2.1 Aim To develop financial model for water supply projects using â€Å"JNNURM toolkit†. This can be used to analyze the relationship between performance and sustainability in PPP method of procurement. 1.2.2 Objective To study the preparation of Urban Infrastructure and Investment plan for the city. To evaluate the feasibility of water supply service in particular. Role of PPP in Urban Infrastructure. 1.2.3 Main Hypothesis Need for Urban Infrastructure and their implementation under governance of JNNURM scheme. To promote sustainable investment and innovative PPP method of procurement increase in the efficiency at municipality level by vigilance. Freedom should be given to private parties to make them comfortable. 1.3 Outline Methodology of Study We will first try to figure out what is the need of the curbing population of that particular city. The cities are in a desperate need of finance for carrying out the reviving projects. But the previous schemes and projects by the municipalities and state governments have failed miserably on the grounds of implementation (ie, time management) and utilization of funds. So there is a need to gather finance for the reviving project for the curbing infrastructure .The story does not end here, there is also a need to govern the utilization of fund. There is a new scheme which is growing popularity by the Government of India along with State government and the municipalities. The buzz word in this scheme is the governance of the project because there is a proper channel how to control the funds issued by the government. Also the government of India will regularly monitor the implementation of the project. Along with this there is a unique proposal of submitting the CDP (City Development Plan) for approval. So our approach would be to find a method of relating the increase in population and need of the same in coming 20 years as well as to arranging and managing finance considering all the factors like inflation, operation and maintenance cost. For this we would study CDPs of various cities and also study their approach in solving the future infrastructure problems. Also we would compare various CDPs and comment on their efficiency. Since we are talking of CDPs preparation and involvement of private parties we will try some case study and prepare the financial appraisal of the same. We would critically analyze whether the project is financially feasible under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) scheme 1.3.1 Literature review and the pilot study This literature review the following subject of India City Development plan Finance scheme for city development plan PPP procurement JNNURM Scheme Pilot Study consists of Theoretical approach. Study of a practical approach to prepare CPD for water supply project under guidelines of JNNURM scheme toolkit. 1.3.2 Main Study Case study:- Feasibility of water supply project under JNNURM scheme using Financial appraisal calculation and role of PPP in such project. The name of the city under case study has been changed due to sensibility of the case as it is live project. The name of the city will not effect on research subject of development of financial appraisal model because scenario is well detailed. The approach of this study by Quantitative and Analytical Comparison of CPD between different states: selected 4nos of states for comparison. The approach is Quantitative by reading the CPD’s of different states and comparing them. 1.3.3 Writing Up Chapter-1 :-Introduction Chapter-2:-City Development Plan Chapter-3:-Private Partner Chapter-4:- JNNURM Scheme Chapter-5:- Case Study Chapter-6:- Comparison of CPD between different states Chapter-7:-Conclusion 2 City Development Plan 2.1 Geographical Information 29 states and 6 union territories* Andaman and Nicobar Islands* Lakshadweep* Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Assam Manipur Bihar Meghalaya Chandigarh* Mizoram Chhattisgarh Nagaland Dadra and Nagar Haveli* Orissa Daman and Diu* Pondicherry* Delhi Punjab Goa Rajasthan Gujarat Sikkim Haryana Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Tripura Jammu and Kashmir Uttaranchal Jharkhand Uttar Pradesh Karnataka West Bengal Kerala * Union territory 2.2 Demography Table 1 India: Development Indicator â€Å"According to a United Nations study (1995), by the year 2015, ten of the worlds fifteen largest cities will be in Asia (excluding Japan); three of these will be in India. In 1950, this same region claimed only three of the worlds fifteen largest cities, whilst India claimed only one. These projections suggest that demographic growth in Indias large cities will be high, partly due to national population growth and partly due to immigration. The logistic model used by the United Nations, the World Bank, and other international agencies for the projection of urban population world-wide suggests that India is poised for rapid urbanisation, along with several other countries in south and East Asia. â€Å" SIZE: As per Census 2001, only 28% of the 1.1 billion Indians live in urban areas. Expected to increase to 40% by 2021. About 60% of the country’s GDP originates from urban areas. Allocation of US$12 billion by the Government of India under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) for a period of 7 years for improving urban infrastructure across 63 cities. Key metro cities Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad allocated 47.5% percent of these funds. STRUCTURE:JNNURM functions under the overall guidance of a National Steering Group (NSG) which comes under the purview of Ministry of Urban Development JNNURM is aimed at fast-track planned development of identified cities. Key highlights Integrated development of urban infrastructure projects Renewal and redevelopment of inner city areas Provision of basic services to urban poor Funds to be channelised through Urban Local Bodies who will be responsible for implementation Implementing agencies to leverage sanctioned funds to attract private sector investments through PPP contracts Outlook Investments of more than US$50 billion would be required in the next 5 years to improve and build urban infrastructure JNNURM is the single largest initiative of Government of India for planned development of cities Opportunity for private players to partner with Urban Local Bodies (ULB) in development of urban infrastructure such as Water supply and sanitation Slum redevelopment Urban transportation including roads, highways, expressways, Mass Rapid Transport Systems (MRTS) and metro projects Solid waste management POTENTIAL: A large component of development work will be through public-private partnership. Water supply and sanitation in urban areas to attract investments over US$30 billion. POLICY 100% FDI under the automatic route permitted for townships, housing, built-up infrastructure and construction-development based projects subject to minimum scale norms JNNURM will provide grants/viability gap funding for projects 2.3 Problems â€Å"Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) of India are the constitutionally provided administrative units that provide basic infrastructure and services in cities and towns. According to Census of India 1991, there are 3255 ULBs in the country classified into four major categories: Nagar Nigams Nagar Palikaa Nagar Panchayats Large urban areas are governed by Nagar Nigams, often simply called corporations. The area under a corporation is further divided up into wards. Individual wards or collections of wards within a corporation sometimes have their own administrative body known as ward committees. Smaller urban areas are governed by Nagar Palika, which are often referred to simply as municipalities. Municipalities are also divided into wards, which may be grouped together into ward councils. One or more representatives are elected to represent each ward.† â€Å"What is worse, many ULBs have accumulated ‘large’ debts and face serious problems in servicing them. Besides the restriction to a small resource base poor planning process, lack of periodical revision of municipal tax rates / user charges, and poor information system and records management are some of the basic weaknesses in the present municipal administration.† The â€Å"Infrastructure Problem  : In spite of its prominent role in Indian economy, urban India faces serious problems due to population pressure, deterioration in the physical environment and quality of life. According to estimates nearly one third of the urban India lives below poverty line. About 15 percent of the urbanites do not have access to safe drinking water and about 50 percent are not covered by sanitary facilities. There is a huge and widening gap between demand and supply of essential services and infrastructure. â€Å" 2.4 Schemes for development of urban development The ongoing schemes of Urban Infrastructure Development in the mega cities, and Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) do not meet the requirement of infrastructure development of all cities/towns in the country. There is, therefore, need to have a comprehensive scheme for infrastructure development of all cities/towns in the country. Other scheme like Urban Reforms Incentive Fund (URIF) also needs to be subsumed in the said comprehensive scheme. Funding is linked to reforms which are classified into â€Å"mandatory† and â€Å"optional† as detailed below: Mandatory Reforms—State level: Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act Reform of Rent Control Laws so as to stimulate private investment in rental housing schemes. Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more than 5 per cent within the next five years. Introduction of independent regulators for urban services. Mandatory Reforms –Core (at ULBs level): Double entry system of accounting for Urban Local Bodies Adoption of public disclosure law – disclosure of medium-term fiscal plan and quarterly performance reports. Passage of community participation law. All special agencies currently involved in delivering urban civic services to be brought under the supervision of ULBs, thus creating a uniform accountability platform. A Bangalore Action Task Force (BATF) kind of citizen’s technical advisory group should be constituted for each city to guide the process of urban reforms. Urban development authorities discharging city Planning functions and the new city development function should associate the ULBs more closely. Introduction of e-governance, Global Information System (GIS) and Monitoring Information System ( MIS) Reform of Property Tax laws. Levy of reasonable user charges. Optional Reforms: Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process. Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs. Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects for the poor. Introduction of computerized process of registration of land and property Revision of bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory Bye-laws for reuse of reclaimed water Administrative reforms, i.e. right sizing of the ULBs. It is important to note that the contribution of urban sector to GDP is currently expected to be in the range of 60 percent. In this context, enhancing the productivity of urban areas is now central to the policy pronouncements of the Ministry of Urban Development. Cities hold tremendous potential as engines of economic and social development, creating jobs and generating wealth through economies of scale. They need to be sustained and augmented through the high urban productivity for countrys economic growth. National economic growth and poverty reduction efforts will be increasingly determined by the productivity of these cities and towns. For Indian cities to become growth oriented and productive, it is essential to achieve a world class urban system. This in turn depends on attaining efficiency and equity in the delivery and financing of urban infrastructure. Resource Gap: The India Infrastructure, Report, 1996, assessed the total annual investment needs of water supply, sanitation and roads sectors at Rs. 28,036 crores per year on an average during 1996-2006. Where as funds to that extent are not available. To overcome these constraints and challenges, the Ministry of Urban Development has initiated institutional, fiscal and financial reforms. First generation urban sector reform known as the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, recognizes the principles of local self governments and empowers urban local bodies with financial resources through Central Finance Commission and State Finance Commissions. Subsequently, in order to strengthen these local bodies, second generation reform have also been started. In the last decade, enormous progress has been made in removing impediments to efficient investment. Resource Mobilization Effort: In August, 1996, the Central Government guidelines entitled Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation were circulated to all State Governments for adoption. These guidelines, apart from other issues, suggest innovative approaches for fiscal resource mobilization. In the backdrop of the New Economic Policy, it was suggested that the traditional system of funding based on Plan and budgetary allocations be reduced and ultimately withdrawn due to fiscal deficit. Subsidies need to be rationalized and urban development plans and projects need to be placed on a commercial format by designing commercially viable urban infrastructure services and area development projects. This can be achieved by restoring a proper match between functions and source of revenue by giving additional tax measures. Other innovative resource mobilization measures include using land as resource, increase in the non-property taxes and using public private partnership in service delivery. 2.4.1 Second Generation Reforms Regulatory Framework: The participation of the private sector in financing and the delivery of infrastructure at the municipal level, especially in the water and sanitation sector, require a regulatory framework to protect consumers, apply environmental standards and support the delivery to the poor. As there are a variety of models of regulation from centralized to decentralized systems, guidelines will be developed at the National level to ensure consistency across the country. Appropriate training programme and capacity support to regulators will also be developed in partnership with the private sector and urban research institutions. Model legislation: The Central Government is in the process of preparing model legislation for facilitating private sector participation in urban infrastructure. This is necessary as the present legislative scenario does not encourage private sector participation in this field. A model Municipal Act which will be recommended to the State Governments would include modification and simplification of Municipal bylaws, provision for enhanced borrowing, allowing the entry of private sector and authorizing concessionaires to penalize users for non payment of tariffs. Municipal Accounting System: The Task Force constituted by the O/o CAG of India had recommended for introduction of accrual basis of accounting system for the urban local bodies (ULBs) and suggested model budgeting and accounting formats for that purpose. The Task Force Report was circulated to all States/UTs for adoption of accrual basis of accounting system as well as the budget and accounting formats. Further to provide a simplified tool kit to the ULBs for recording the accounting entries, Ministry of Urban Development in cooperation with the Office of CAG of India has prepared a National Municipal Accounting Manual (NMAM) and circulated to all States/UTs in January, 2005. The Manual comprehensively details the accounting policies, procedures, guidelines designed to ensure correct, complete and timely recording of municipal transactions and produce accurate and relevant financial reports. The NMAM would help the States prepare their state-level accounting manuals in accordance with their own requirements for use by the ULBs. This initiative is expected not only to enhance the capacities of ULBs in municipal accounting leading to increased transparency and accountability of utilization of public funds for the development of urban sector but also will help in creating an environment in which urban local bodies can play their role more effectively and ensure better service delivery. Public private partnership guidelines: Central Government will develop guidelines for involvement of the private sector in infrastructure, which will ensure competitive biding process in a transparent manner. These guidelines will not only protect the consumers but also ensure integrity of the process. This would support municipalities in designing the PPP process on the lines of the BOT Centre in Philippines or the PPP in the Ministry of Finance in South Africa. Chapter4 included the issues related to PPP. 2.4.2 Fiscal incentives Foreign direct investment (FDI): Hitherto Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) allowed direct investment in providing urban services on a case to case basis. This scenario has changed with the decision of the Central Government removing restrictions on FDI in urban infrastructure facilities which are now open both under FIPB and the automatic route as per sector specific guidelines. Guidelines have since even issued for FDI in development of integrating township including housing and building material. External assistance: Since independence, externally assisted urban sector projects have accounted for US$ 2300 million. A review of these projects indicated a need to adopt a programme approach rather than a project approach for availing external assistance. It also indicated the need to encourage a multiple donor scenario and tapping low cost funds for urban infrastructure. Tax free municipal bond: Municipal bonds were successfully issued by several Municipal Corporations like, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, Ludhiana, Nagpur, Nasik, and Madurai for raising resources for urban infrastructure. The Central Government had announced tax exemption in case of bonds issued by Municipal / Local Governments. Guidelines were issued by this Ministry on 8.2.2001 for regulating issue of tax free municipal bonds. Under the guidelines, such bonds will be issued for raising resources for capital investment in creation of new infrastructure as well as augmentation of existing systems. Tax free bonds worth Rs. 100 crore by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation have been permitted for improving infrastructure. Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has also been permitted to issue tax free municipal bonds for Rs. 82.5 crore. Pooled financing for municipal infrastructure: Traditionally, municipal corporations and urban local bodies have relied on subsidized funds for providing urban services which constraints the constraints the introduction of user charges and efficient project operation and maintenance. In view of the huge resource gap, direct access to capital market would now be an accepted viable option. However, access to capital market requires financial discipline and enhanced credit rating. It has been the experience that only bigger municipal corporations are in a position to take the advantage of the resources available in capital market. Medium and smaller municipalities are unable to do so due to weak financial position and lack of capacity to prepare viable project proposals. A State level pooled financing mechanism is being proposed for smaller and medium municipalities. The objective of a State level pooled finance mechanism is to provide a cost effective and efficient approach for smaller and medium sized ULBs to access the domestic capital markets for urban infrastructure and to introduce new institutional arrangements for mobilising Urban Infrastructure Finance. City Restructuring: Government of India is also encouraging citywide reforms and restructuring so as to ensure that cities are managed efficiently and become creditworthy (to attract private finance ) which will enable them to prepare long term plans for infrastructure investments and implement poverty alleviation programmes. Citywide reforms and restructuring will, however, result in significant transaction costs during the period of transition. Leaving cities to finance these costs by themselves will delay and make it difficult to implement these reforms. It is to partly offset this disadvantage that the Ministry of Urban Development is proposing to set up a performance based City Challenge Fund for catalyzing city level economic reform programmes. The resources from the Fund would be given as grants but should ideally be matched by equal allocations either from the cities themselves or from the respective State governments. Access to the fund would be on a competitive basis. Establishment of an urban academy: The proposed Urban Academy is visualized as a centre of excellence in Urban Matters such as urban water supply, sanitation, urban transport, urban governance, municipal finance, etc. It will be a n ideal town-planning habitat, wherein experts from India and abroad can experiment with new layouts, building materials, landscaping, heritage preservation etc., and it will have Synergic links with all other institutions specializing in urban matters. This will coordinate all Training and Capacity Building Initiatives and effort of change management forums. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the New Economic Policy launched in India in 1991-92, did see several important initiatives in the urban sector designed to encourage private sector participation in urban infrastructure projects. These initiatives would need to be taken to their logical conclusion. A series of new Reform Measures are being put together for implementation during 10th Plan Period. Through these, we hope to reverse the declining standards of urban infrastructure in the country. Public Private Partnership Procurement addresses how the industry organizes itself to deliver construction projects. Contracts define the rules governing the relationships between the many organizations involved in each project. Construction industry clients are faced with a perplexing array of skills and resources which must be combined effectively to develop a building (or other constructed facility) that will fulfill their needs. All but the simplest of buildings involve the management, design, assembly and commissioning of large amounts of raw materials using appropriately-skilled labor provided by multiple organizations over a long period of time. The flow of money between Organizations must be formally organized, as must the distribution of responsibility and risk among them. While the technical complexities of the design solution itself are addressed by the specialized skills of construction industry members, the interaction of these organizations must be structured by the selection of an appropriate procurement route and the effective administration (i.e. day to day running) of the associated form of construction contract. At the project outset, clients will usually seek advice on the selection of a procurement route to bring the required organizations together. Figure 1 Example of a cost and Time Overruns in Public Sector Projects. In response to these problems, two key joint industry and government reports were published to stimulate innovation in construction industry practice: the Latham Report in 1994 and the Egan Report in 1998. In the first report – â€Å"Constructing the Team† – Sir Michael Latham commented: â€Å"Implementation begins with clients. Clients are at the core of the Process and their needs must be met by industry† â€Å"Rethinking Construction† proposed five drivers for change in the construction industry: 1. Committed leadership 2. A focus on the customer 3. Integrated processes and teams 4. A quality driven agenda 5. Commitment to people In the public sector, HM Treasury launched the â€Å"Achieving Excellence in Construction† initiative in 1999 to improve the performance of Government in its client role by publishing â€Å"Achieving Excellence in Construction Procurement Guides† [11] which addresses the following issues: 1. Initiating action 2. Project organization 3. Project procurement lifecycle 4. Risk and value management 5. The integrated project team 6. Procurement and contract strategies 7. Whole-life costing 8. Improving performance 9. Design quality 10. Health and safety 11. Sustainability Public sector clients are generally concerned with certainty of budget and quality and, above all else, ensuring public accountability as they are spending public money. Clients who build regularly – perhaps continuously –can be considered experienced Construction projects can be structured in a variety of ways as â€Å"No single procurement route† is suited to all situations and so is required to link the Client’s business requirements before an appropriate project structure can be recommended. The Office of Government Commerce defines these terms as follows [1]: â€Å"Procurement strategy: The procurement strategy identifies the best way of achieving the objectives of the project and value for money, taking account of the risks and constraints, leading to decision about the funding mechanism and asset ownership for the project. The aim of a procurement strategy is to achieve the optimum balance of risk, control and funding for a particular project.† â€Å"Procurement route: The procurement route delivers the procurement strategy. It included the contract strategy that will best meet the Client’s needs. An integrated procurement route ensures that design, construction, operations and maintenance are considered as a whole; it also ensures that the delivery team work together as an integrated project team.† Figure 2 The relationship of procurement strategy to procurement route â€Å"A Public Private Partnership (PPP) is an umbrella term for arrangements agreed – often with legal force – between public and private sector organisations to their mutual benefit. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is one form of PPP developed by the Government in which the public and private sectors join to design, build or refurbish, finance and operate new or improved facilities and services to the general public. PFI schemes generally involve a consortium of private sector companies, who collaborate to form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) which then contracts with the public sector to provide services such as hospitals, schools and roads to specifications provided by public sector bodies.† 3.1 Procurement method issues Construction industry has complex analysis mere by dual component of land and building. It has fuzz boundaries. The fragmentation of the industry between contractor, consultant, project management etc creates the industry highly volatile. It can also be argued the reduction of professionalism if it is at only contractor. So it is expected to carry multitude of negative aspects of Investment which is derived from present consumption. In Economics term Investment is the process of trading present consumption for new capital. Present trading can be alternative to investment in other than the construction industry. Individual participant have significant approach to price and quantity. â€Å"This definition illustrates several key characteristics of PFI schemes: A service, rather than capital assets, is purchased. PFI schemes run for a long time. The public sector typically requires procures the provision of a service over a 25 to 35 year period. Buildings or other infrastructure is usually constructed by the private sector as a consequence of the need to provide the agreed service. The PFI agreement will define the level of service required (such as providing a maintained, lit, warm, clean and catered hospital, for example) and the private sector will finance the design and construction of new or adapted facilitates as necessary to accommodate that service. Because the public sector is purchasing a service, rather than assets, it will not own those assets unless the transfer of their ownership is agreed when setting up the scheme (see Section 6.6.5). Subject to any specification imposed by the public sector client, the private sector is free to use whatever means it considers appropriate when constructing the assets. This can lead to design quality and performance shortcomings (see Section 6.6.4). The private sector puts itself at risk when securing the finance required to construct any capital assets required by the scheme. In return, it will expect to be paid for managing this risk. This raises the overall cost of PFI schemes above that of non-PFI procurement where financing risks are minimal as they are borne by the public sector with funding traditionally provided and underwritten by the Treasury.† 3.2 Role of PPP in Infrastructures â€Å"In the projects from the Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private Finance Initative (PFI) programmes, the public sector contracts to purchase services – rather than any particular building – from the private sector in the long term. The delivery